LV DFP can be used to study the chamber properties. This is more relevant when the systolic function is normal (see below). Here 2 recognizable patterns are discernable. 1. Relaxation abnormality pattern or 'R pattern' 2. Compliance abnormality pattern or 'C pattern'. Many indices are used for chamber properties. However the commonly used index is E wave deceleration time. There are practical problems in determining the deceleration time. For example with the available software it is difficult to accurately determine the deceleration time in a curved "ski-slope" Doppler tracing. A simpler and more accurate method would be determination of the early filling time (EFT). This is the duration of the E wave from the beginning of the E wave to the end (see figure 1). A prolonged EFT (>250 milliseconds) could point to relaxation abnormality (R pattern) and a shortened EFT (<150 milliseconds) could point to a compliance abnormality (C pattern). In some cases where the E and A waves merge, it would not be possible to measure the EFT. In such cases the pattern would be 'indeterminate' (see figure 2). A normal looking combination of the 2 patterns is to be called RC pattern. The R pattern, RC pattern and C pattern are to be distinguished from patterns 1, 2 and 3 (see below). To avoid confusion it is important to term this aspect of the study as 'chamber properties' rather than 'diastolic function'.

LV DFP concurrently provides hemodynamic information (see figure 3). LV DFP is dependant on left atrial pressures (LAP). Variations in LAP can be studied by the behaviour of the E and A wave relative velocities. Based on this 5 main patterns can be recognized. LAP is a continuous variable so a number of intermediate patterns are possible. The main patterns are termed -1, 0, 1, 2, and 3. Using the current terminology, pattern 0 is 'normal' with E>A, pattern 1 is 'E/A reversal', pattern 2 is the 'pseudo-normal', and pattern 3 is the 'restrictive'. Pattern -1 is also E/A reversal but due to decreased pre-load as seen in dehydration. 5 The advantage is that we can describe any pattern with this numerical system. Thus pattern 1.5 will be E = A with high LAP. Increasing preload shifts a pattern to the right and conversely decreasing preload shifts a pattern to the left. 6 7 A shift to the right will indicate increasing LAP while a shift to the left will indicate decreasing LAP. Pattern shift to the left or right is possible with physiological maneuvers or pharmacological interventions that decrease or increase the LAP. 8 When the LAP is markedly elevated it may not be possible to shift pattern 3 to the left. This is the irreversible pattern and should be termed 3+. In the case of hemodynamic information it is better to use the precise numerical terms rather than terms like 'restrictive' or 'pseudo-normal'.

Any pattern can be accurately described with this classification and terminology. As a general rule any pattern can be described as hemodynamic pattern plus the chamber property. For example in a patient with a relaxation abnormality and normal systolic function the pattern could be reported as 1 R. In situations where there is variability, each pattern can be individually described or the modal pattern should be considered.

To understand the significance of LV DFP we need to consider 2 situations. 1. In patients with normal LV systolic function and 2. In patients with impaired systolic function.

In cases with normal systolic function, it is primarily a study of diastolic function ('diastology'). Here LV DFP could have diagnostic roles. In these cases of 'pure diastolic dysfunction' the 'impaired relaxation' or R pattern could point to hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. It could also signify age related changes. 9 The 'compliance abnormality' or C pattern could mean restrictive cardiomyopathy or pericardial disease. It is also seen in young adults. There could be a combination of R and C patterns resembling a normal pattern. This should be designated as RC pattern. In the case of normal systolic function the individual parameters may lose their validity. 10 So unlike systolic dysfunction these are distinctive patterns and there is no hierarchy of patterns. In terms of hemodynamics the patterns could be anywhere between -1 and 1 indicating an LAP of 9–15 mmHg.

In cases with impaired systolic function, it is primarily study of systolic function ('systology'). Systolic dysfunction is usually associated with increased LV end diastolic pressure and left atrial pressure. 11 This can be studied by LV DFP. 12 Basic echocardiography tells us that a brisk and well opening mitral valve signifies good systolic function. Thus diastolic phenomena can be used to assess systolic function. Patients with progressively more abnormal Doppler patterns have greater structural abnormalities with larger left atrial and LV size and lower LV ejection fractions. 13 So, in cases with impaired systolic function, LV DFP can be used to assess the severity of hemodynamic impairment and prognosis. The information obtained is distinctive of systolic function and should not be confused with 'diastolic dysfunction'. In such cases trans-mitral Doppler shows a continuous pattern of changes (hierarchy of patterns) depending on the severity of hemodynamic impairment (see 'hemodynamic information', above). Here again it is better to consider these patterns as indicative of the severity of systolic dysfunction rather than severity of diastolic dysfunction (see below). By impaired systolic function we could also include cases with wall motion abnormalities with apparently normal ejection fraction and apparently normal overall LV contractility. Pattern 1 shows a small E wave and a large A wave could indicate mild hemodynamic impairment. Pattern 2, shows a 'pseudo-normalization' pattern denoted by an apparently normal E and A wave. Pattern 2 could indicate moderate impairment. Finally, pattern 3 is a very prominent E wave and a miniscule A wave. Pattern 3 could indicate severe hemodynamic impairment and is associated with the worst prognosis. 14 In cases of systolic dysfunction, the LV DFP is a continuous variable reflecting the increasing left atrial pressures which proceeds to atrial failure in pattern 3. As a rule of thumb patterns 0–1 signifies a pressure of about 12–15 mmHg, patterns 1–2 about 15–18 mmHg, patterns 2–3 about 18–20 mmHg and pattern 3+ greater than 20 mmHg. These pressure values are only indicative. The pattern recognition and its changes are best in the same patient with a reasonably maintained heart rate. With this approach the absolute velocity values become irrelevant. The relative E and A magnitudes will allow pattern recognition. The increasing left atrial pressure could be confirmed by the pulmonary venous flow abnormalities in ideal conditions. As a corollary, in cases with resting or stress induced wall motion abnormalities and apparently normal ejection fraction, a pattern to the right of 0 could indicate a systolic dysfunction. 15 In serial studies of chronic cases, a shift to the right could indicate worsening systolic function while a shift to the left could indicate improvement. In all these cases a reasonably preserved atrium is assumed.

Diseases with combined systolic dysfunction and abnormal chamber properties will show a combination of the above features. For example, in a case of systolic dysfunction with a pattern 1.5 if there is prolonged EFT then the pattern could be described as 1.5 R.

In this context it is appropriate to discuss the much abused term 'diastolic dysfunction'. Diastole is a sensitive part of the cardiac cycle. The earliest abnormality in any cardiac pathology is diastolic dysfunction. So it is but natural that any cardiac disease can cause LV diastolic dysfunction to variable extents (see figure 4). Doppler can only detect LV diastolic dysfunction at later stages. Abnormal DFP is only a part of the total diastolic dysfunction set. So being a ubiquitous entity, absence of abnormal DFP need not mean absence of diastolic dysfunction. LV diastolic dysfunction can occur in very mild forms and regional forms, which may not be evident on Doppler assessment. So instead of using the vague term 'diastolic dysfunction' it would be better to use specific terms as mentioned as described earlier. Heart being a pump, the systolic function is critical. The vague entity of diastolic dysfunction should not divert our attention from assessing the important systolic dysfunction as there are distinct treatment options for systolic dysfunction.

The above classification is based on currently available information. A deductive reasoning and logical extrapolation has been used to arrive at the conclusions. The scientific method of 'elimination of variables' should be applied as follows to derive meaningful information (see table 1). When confronted with an abnormal LV DFP the following steps may be taken for proper analysis: Once it is technically proper and physiological factors are eliminated, the key question to ask is what is the systolic function? (see figure 6)?

If the LV systolic function is good then it has some diagnostic role: In that case is it an R pattern? (hypertension, ischaemia, diabetes or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), a C pattern? (restrictive cardiomyopathy or pericardial disease), or a combination RC pattern? The R pattern could be age related and non-cardiac pathologies like obesity, sleep apnoea, deconditioning or renal failure could produce patterns between 0 and 1.

If the systolic function is not satisfactory, then one can assess the severity and prognosticate using the LV DFP as described above. In cases with wall motion abnormality with apparently normal LV contractility a pattern to the right of 0 could signify early systolic dysfunction. Remember, LV DFP can only be interpreted in the context of systolic function.

In a complex situation, it is possible to identify the problem by recognizing the predominant hemodynamic pattern and factoring in the complicating chamber property.

The accuracy of interpretation of LV DFP is best in the young (<50 years) where age related changes due to atrial, ventricular and valvular stiffness are eliminated.

A clinical example will demonstrate the use of this methodology. Consider a 35 year old patient with myocardial infarction. There was apparently acceptable eye-ball LV function with one akinetic apical segment. The trans-mitral Doppler showed E<A with a normal EFT. This is pattern 1 and could signify a predominantly mild LV systolic dysfunction rather than 'diastolic dysfunction'. A practical example of pattern progression in disease state is shown in figure 7.