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General characteristics of the study groups. Comparison of clinical and echocardiographic features among the four study groups. |
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| Controls |
Coffee assumption |
Cigarette smoking |
Coffee assumption + cigarette smoking |
ANOVA P value |
|
|
|
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| Age (years) |
24.1 ± 1.7 |
25.3 ± 4.3 |
24.9 ± 2.7 |
23.6 ± 2.5 |
0.68 |
| Male gender (n) |
6 (60%) |
9 (60%) |
6 (40%) |
9 (60%) |
0.68 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) |
20.2 ± 2.1 |
20.7 ± 5.5 |
21.0 ± 1.7 |
22.0 ± 2.4 |
0.38 |
| Coffees (n/die) |
- |
2.5 ± 1.1 |
- |
3.0 ± 2.4 |
0.28* |
| Cigarettes (n/die) |
- |
- |
8.4 ± 5.3 |
11.7 ± 5.1 |
0.09* |
| Years of smoking (n) |
- |
- |
7.5 ± 3.8 |
8.1 ± 2.7 |
0.66* |
| SBP (mmHg) |
116.0 ± 8.1 |
125 ± 9.6 |
116.7 ± 12.8 |
122.3 ± 2.5 |
0.11 |
| DBP (mmHg) |
75.0 ± 5.8 |
76.7 ± 9.6 |
75.0 ± 11.2 |
79.7 ± 7.9 |
0.50 |
| Heart rate (bpm) |
74.9 ± 10.0 |
74.5 ± 10.6 |
72.7 ± 11.4 |
66.1 ± 9.4 |
0.15 |
| O2 saturation (%) |
97.5 ± 1.2 |
97.6 ± 0.7 |
97.9 ± 0.7 |
97.5 ± 0.9 |
0.77 |
| LVEDV (ml) |
89.0 ± 28.2 |
99.7 ± 28.3 |
89.4 ± 14.2 |
92.9 ± 29.5 |
0.84 |
| Ejection fraction (%) |
67.4 ± 3.2 |
64.8 ± 3.6 |
64.2 ± 5.5 |
63.8 ± 4.8 |
0.14 |
| Stroke volume (ml) |
60.0 ± 18.5 |
66.4 ± 23.0 |
57.8 ± 5.5 |
59.2 ± 17.4 |
0.89 |
| LV mass (g) |
126.6 ± 31.4 |
132.0 ± 45.1 |
122.1 ± 22.5 |
143.2 ± 40.0 |
0.40 |
| RWT |
0.32 ± 0.05 |
0.32 ± 0.05 |
0.34 ± 0.05 |
0.34 ± 0.07 |
0.82 |
| Left atrial volume (ml) |
42.6 ± 11.4 |
38.8 ± 16.2 |
34.0 ± 7.5 |
38.6 ± 10.4 |
0.34 |
| RV diameter (mm) |
30.7 ± 4.2 |
31.3 ± 5.4 |
29.3 ± 4.3 |
31.12 ± 4.3 |
0.60 |
| PASP (mmHg) |
20.5 ± 2.7 |
21.9 ± 3.6 |
21.6 ± 3.4 |
21.2 ± 4.5 |
0.66 |
| E (cm/s) |
80.2 ± 19.3 |
92.1 ± 14 |
89.1 ± 14.8 |
84.1 ± 13.0 |
0.32 |
| A (cm/s) |
52.2 ± 15.5 |
54.2 ± 11 |
53.9 ± 8.9 |
48.2 ± 13.2 |
0.42 |
| E/A ratio |
1.6 ± 0.3 |
1.8 ± 0.4 |
1.7 ± 0.4 |
1.9 ± 0.5 |
0.47 |
| Deceleration time (ms) |
209.8 ± 32.7 |
201.9 ± 50.3 |
202.5 ± 35.9 |
216.9 ± 34.8 |
0.70 |
| IVRT (ms) |
62.2 ± 9.4 |
67.6 ± 12.8 |
67.1 ± 10.7 |
63.1 ± 10.4 |
0.49 |
|
BMI = body mass index. SBP = systolic blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; LVEDD = left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LV = left ventricular; RWT = relative wall thickness; RV = right ventricular; PASP = pulmonary artery systolic pressure; IVRT = isovolumic relaxation time. *P values for comparison of variables between two groups calculated by Student t test for unpaired data | |||||
Giacomin et al. Cardiovascular Ultrasound 2008 6:9 doi:10.1186/1476-7120-6-9 |
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