Figure 4.

Relative changes in right ventricular long-axis function after caffeine assumption, cigarette smoking, or both. P values are calculated by within-group Student t test for paired data. S_m = peak systolic tricuspid annulus velocity; E_m = peak early diastolic tricuspid annulus velocity; A_m = peak late diastolic tricuspid annulus velocity; TAPSE = tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.