Tissue Doppler imaging of carotid plaque wall motion: a pilot study

Additional File 1:

Example of synchronized, spatially homogeneous arterial wall motion at the carotid bifurcation of a normal vessel with no ultrasound evidence of atherosclerotic disease.

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Additional File 2:

Example of inhomogeneous arterial wall motion at the carotid bifurcation of a normal vessel with no ultrasound evidence of atherosclerotic disease. Note torturous artery with significant compression within the ICA due to posterior wall displacement.

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Additional File 3:

Example of arterial wall across a calcified plaque with a mild 30% stenosis (diameter reduction). Note the localised stiffening and high dilation gradients.

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Additional File 4:

Example of arterial wall motion across a plaque with 70% stenosis (diameter reduction). High dilation gradients at the plaque vessel interface and localized stiffening with constricted wall motion at the plaque are demonstrated.

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Additional File 5:

Example of arterial wall motion across a plaque with a severe 80% stenosis (diameter reduction). The high velocity jet flow hits against the posterior wall which shows marked wall displacements proximal to the plaque. Within the plaque there is significant vessel wall constriction due to the pressure drop within the lumen. This is an example of the Venturi effect, well known in fluid dynamics in which the increased kinetic energy of blood flow through the constriction corresponds to a pressure drop and consequent constriction of the vessel walls. See 5 for the real-time movie of the top right image. The lower right graph displays the dilation data as a surf plot with dilation plotted as a function of the spatial position and the time.

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